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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Respiratory or thoracic disease

squamous cell lung carcinoma

A carcinoma arising from squamous bronchial epithelial cells. It may be keratinizing or non-keratinizing. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the presence of keratinization, pearl formation, and/or intercellular bridges. Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the absence of keratinization, pearl formation, and intercellular bridges. Cigarette smoking and arsenic exposure ar…

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬5595genes / proteins with evidence
💊79drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅15phase 3
📈6phase 2/3
🧬

Understand squamous cell lung carcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Head and neck cancer is the name for cancers that develop in the mouth, nose and sinuses, salivary glands, and throat and voice box (larynx). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell cancers. They begin in the moist tissues that line the head and neck. The cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows.

There are other cancers that develop in the head and neck, such as brain cancer, eye cancer, and esophageal cancer. But they are usually not considered to be head and neck cancers, because those types of cancer and their treatments are different.

Who is more likely to develop head and neck cancer?

From MedlinePlus: Head and Neck Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for squamous cell lung carcinoma itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on squamous cell lung carcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens squamous cell lung carcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.69
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.66
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.65
KMT2D lysine methyltransferase 2DPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
ALK ALK receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.59
NFE2L2 NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.59
PIK3CA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alphaPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.59
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.58
NOTCH1 notch receptor 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
BRCA2 BRCA2 DNA repair associatedPROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
FAT1 FAT atypical cadherin 1PROTACantibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
KEAP1 kelch like ECH associated protein 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
NF1 neurofibromin 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
KDR kinase insert domain receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.54
EML4 EMAP like 4PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.53

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to squamous cell lung carcinoma, by how far it has got
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
AfatinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitor; Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2…Phase 3
CarboplatinPhase 3
CisplatinPhase 3
CyclophosphamidePhase 3
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
Endostatin, N-Terminal-MggshhhhhPhase 3
Show all 20
ErlotinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 3
EtoposideDNA topoisomerase II inhibitorPhase 3
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Phase 3
IpilimumabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitorPhase 3
IzalontamabPhase 3
NedaplatinPhase 3
NivolumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 3
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
TislelizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 3
Azd-4547Phase 2/3
DienestrolEstrogen receptor alpha agonistPhase 2/3
DurvalumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 2/3
PalbociclibCDK6/cyclin D1 inhibitor; Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/cyclin D1 inhibitorPhase 2/3
PonatinibBcr/Abl fusion protein inhibitorPhase 2/3
Early trials · 15
Ascorbic AcidPhase 1/2
AtamparibPhase 1/2
FludarabinePhase 1/2
Glembatumumab VedotinTransmembrane glycoprotein NMB binding agent; Tubulin inhibitorPhase 1/2
SelumetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
TocilizumabInterleukin-6 receptor alpha subunit inhibitorPhase 1/2
Show all 15
VistusertibSerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR inhibitorPhase 1/2
AndecaliximabMatrix metalloproteinase 9 inhibitorPhase 1
BevacizumabVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitorPhase 1
FluorouracilThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 1
GedatolisibSerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR inhibitor; PI3-kinase class I inhibitorPhase 1
IrinotecanDNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 1
Leucovorin CalciumPhase 1
OxaliplatinPhase 1
SasanlimabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 1
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Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, and Safety of QL2107 Plus Chemo and Compare With Keytruda in Participants With …NCT06754644 · Phase 3 · 📍 JinanA Study of PF-08046054/SGN-PDL1V in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT05208762 · Phase 1 · 📍 BirminghamGI-101/GI-101A as a Single Agent or in Combination With Pembrolizumab or Lenvatinib in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT04977453 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 New YorkA Study of DM005 in Patients With Advanced Solid TumorsNCT06515990 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 DetroitA Study to Investigate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Activity of AP203 in Patients with Locally …NCT05473156 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 TaipeiMorning Versus Afternoon Administration of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tu…NCT07405086 · Phase 4 · 📍 PortlandStudy With ABBV-CLS-484 in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic TumorsNCT04777994 · Phase 1 · 📍 TucsonA Study to Evaluate ARV-6723 Alone and With Pembrolizumab in Participants With Advanced Solid TumorsNCT07749586 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 New YorkStudy to Evaluate Adverse Events and Efficacy of Intravenous (IV) Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Combination Wit…NCT06772623 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 PhoenixA Study of IDE892 as Monotherapy and Combination in MTAP-deleted Advanced Solid TumorsNCT07277413 · Phase 1 · 📍 GoodyearJMT106 Injection in the Treatment of Advanced Solid TumorsNCT07275073 · Phase 1 · 📍 ZhejiangA Study of IDP-001 in Advanced or Metastatic Solid TumorsNCT07602842 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 Los Angeles Search more trials →
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