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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Cardiovascular disorder

heart failure

Inability of the heart to pump blood at an adequate rate to meet tissue metabolic requirements. Clinical symptoms of heart failure include: unusual dyspnea on light exertion, recurrent dyspnea occurring in the supine position, fluid retention or rales, jugular venous distension, pulmonary edema on physical exam, or pulmonary edema on chest x-ray presumed to be cardiac dysfunction.

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬5544genes / proteins with evidence
💊311drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅46approved
📈71phase 3
❤️

Understand heart failure

Heart and blood vessels · Arteries that narrow and clog
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Heart failure means that your heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your body's needs. Heart failure doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop beating. But without enough blood flow, your organs may not work well, which can cause serious problems.

Heart failure can affect one or both sides of your heart:

With right-sided heart failure, your heart is too weak to pump enough blood to your lungs to get oxygen.

From MedlinePlus: Heart Failure (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

❤️ Heart and blood vessels: Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) diseases affect how blood flows. The most common is coronary artery disease, where the arteries that feed the heart become narrow.

❓ Why it happens

  • A fatty plaque slowly builds up inside artery walls (atherosclerosis), over many years.
  • High LDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, inactivity, family history and age all speed it up.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Narrow arteries starve the heart muscle of oxygen, causing chest pain.
  • If a plaque breaks, a clot can block the artery completely: a heart attack - or a stroke in the brain.
  • A weakened heart may not pump well enough (heart failure).

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Plaque builds silently for decades; the first sign can be a heart attack.
  • Heart muscle that dies does not grow back.
  • The risk factors are very common and need lifelong control.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • New ways to lower cholesterol, such as PCSK9-blocking medicines and twice-a-year injections.
  • Medicines against lipoprotein(a), an inherited risk factor, in late trials.
  • Gene editing to switch off cholesterol genes for good, in early trials.
  • AI that spots heart risk early from an ECG or a scan.

General information about heart and blood vessels, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for heart failure itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on heart failure stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens heart failure.

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Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
TTN titinPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.77
BMPR2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.68
HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.68
BAG3 BAG cochaperone 3PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.66
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 DPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.66
GUCY1A1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.64
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3APROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.64
ATP1B1 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.64
SLC5A2 solute carrier family 5 member 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
ACE angiotensin I converting enzymePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor type 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.62
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.62
GUCY1B1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit beta 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.62
MME membrane metalloendopeptidasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.62
NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.62

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to heart failure, by how far it has got
Approved · 20
AlteplaseTissue-type plasminogen activator exogenous proteinApproved
Amlodipine BesylateVoltage-gated L-type calcium channel blockerApproved
Candesartan CilexetilType-1 angiotensin II receptor antagonistApproved
CaptoprilAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorApproved
CarvedilolAdrenergic receptor beta antagonist; Adrenergic receptor alpha-1 antagonistApproved
Conivaptan HydrochlorideVasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; Vasopressin V1a receptor antagonistApproved
Show all 20
DapagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorApproved
Dapagliflozin PropanediolSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorApproved
DeferiproneApproved
DeslanosideSodium/potassium-transporting ATPase inhibitorApproved
DigitoxinSodium/potassium-transporting ATPase inhibitorApproved
DigoxinSodium/potassium-transporting ATPase inhibitorApproved
DobutamineBeta-1 adrenergic receptor agonist; Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistApproved
DopexamineApproved
Doxorubicin HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorApproved
EmpagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorApproved
Enalapril MaleateAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorApproved
EplerenoneMineralocorticoid receptor antagonistApproved
FinerenoneMineralocorticoid receptor antagonistApproved
Fosinopril SodiumAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
AcetazolamideCarbonic anhydrase I inhibitor; Carbonic anhydrase II inhibitorPhase 3
Albumin HumanPhase 3
AliskirenRenin inhibitorPhase 3
AllopurinolXanthine dehydrogenase inhibitorPhase 3
AlprostadilProstanoid EP1 receptor agonist; Prostanoid EP2 receptor agonistPhase 3
AmilorideAmiloride-sensitive sodium channel, ENaC blockerPhase 3
Show all 20
AmiodaroneHERG blockerPhase 3
AtenololBeta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonistPhase 3
Bepotastine BesylateHistamine H1 receptor antagonistPhase 3
BisoprololBeta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonistPhase 3
BucindololBeta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist; Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonistPhase 3
BumetanideSodium-(potassium)-chloride cotransporter 2 inhibitorPhase 3
CalcifediolVitamin D receptor agonistPhase 3
CanagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorPhase 3
CandesartanType-1 angiotensin II receptor antagonistPhase 3
CholecalciferolVitamin D receptor agonistPhase 3
ColchicineTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
ConivaptanVasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; Vasopressin V1a receptor antagonistPhase 3
CyclosporineCyclophilin A modulatorPhase 3
Darbepoetin AlfaErythropoietin receptor agonistPhase 3
Early trials · 20
BupivacaineSodium channel protein type IV alpha subunit blockerPhase 1/2
DanicamtivCardiac myosin activatorPhase 1/2
DoxorubicinDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 1/2
GenisteinPhase 1/2
GhrelinPhase 1/2
Ic14Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 inhibitorPhase 1/2
Show all 20
LidocaineSodium channel alpha subunit blockerPhase 1/2
LiothyronineThyroid hormone receptor agonistPhase 1/2
MecaserminInsulin-like growth factor I receptor agonistPhase 1/2
MilrinonePhosphodiesterase 3A inhibitorPhase 1/2
RuboxistaurinProtein kinase C beta inhibitorPhase 1/2
SemaglutideGlucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonistPhase 1/2
SulforaphanePhase 1/2
Ammonium ChloridePhase 1
BendroflumethiazideThiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter inhibitorPhase 1
CandoxatrilatPhase 1
CannabidiolCannabinoid CB1 receptor negative allosteric modulatorPhase 1
Cimaglermin AlfaPhase 1
DapansutrileNACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inhibitorPhase 1
DiltiazemVoltage-gated L-type calcium channel blockerPhase 1
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Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Diagnosis and OutcoMes evaluAtIoN of Multicenter Patients With HFpEF Using Multimodality ImagingNCT04602338 · n/a · 📍 BeijingReforça't: A Community, Social, and Healthcare Program for Patients With Cardiorespiratory Conditions Upon Ho…NCT06897410 · NA · 📍 CalellaKetones, SGLT2, HFrEFNCT06229678 · EARLY Phase 1 · 📍 San AntoniopErsonalised Nocebo Assessment of Beta-blockEr Symptoms in Heart FailureNCT07029906 · NA · 📍 LondonLeft Ventricular Reverse Remodeling Evaluation After Surgical Correction of Aortic RegurgitationNCT06805253 · n/a · 📍 MoscowEvaluation of Liver Stiffness Performance, by FibroScan®, to Detect Elevated Central Venous Pressure (CVP)NCT07222813 · NA · 📍 Los AngelesWithdrawal of Treatment for Heart Failure Patients With Recovery From Tachycardia-induced CardiomyopathyNCT06128980 · Phase 2, Phase 3 · 📍 CopenhagenIntegration of Telemedicine and Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: Feasibility, Efficacy, and AdherenceNCT05972070 · n/a · 📍 BrookfieldA Phase 3 Study of Tabelecleucel for Participants With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphopr…NCT03394365 · Phase 3 · 📍 DuarteThe Italian Alliance for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Prevention (ITACARE-P) Registry: An Observational …NCT07094737 · n/a · 📍 MilanEffects of Continued Administration of Empagliflozin in Patients With Heart Failure on Active SGLT2 Inhibitor…NCT07038356 · Phase 3 · 📍 JenaAcute Reno-Cardiac Action of Dapagliflozin In Advanced Heart Failure Patients on Heart Transplant Waiting ListNCT06868797 · NA · 📍 Bron Search more trials →
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