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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Reproductive system or breast disease

triple-negative breast carcinoma

An invasive breast carcinoma which is negative for expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬7745genes / proteins with evidence
💊320drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅1approved
📈43phase 3
🧬

Understand triple-negative breast carcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in breast tissue. It happens when cells in the breast change and grow out of control. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.

Sometimes the cancer does not spread any further. This is called "in situ." If the cancer spreads outside the breast, the cancer is called "invasive." It may just spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. Or the cancer may metastasize (spread to other parts of the body) through the lymph system or the blood.

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women in the United States. Rarely, it can also affect men.

From MedlinePlus: Breast Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for triple-negative breast carcinoma itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on triple-negative breast carcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens triple-negative breast carcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
TACSTD2 tumor associated calcium signal transducer 2PROTACantibodyother🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.54
TOP1 DNA topoisomerase IPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.54
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenasePROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.51
TERT telomerase reverse transcriptasePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.49
BRCA1 BRCA1 DNA repair associatedPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.48
MDM4 MDM4 regulator of p53PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
TNFSF10 TNF superfamily member 10PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
PDCD1 programmed cell death 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
CA9 carbonic anhydrase 9PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
CD274 CD274 moleculePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
TUBB2B tubulin beta 2B class IIbPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
TUBB3 tubulin beta 3 class IIIPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
TUBA4A tubulin alpha 4aPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
TUBB2A tubulin beta 2A class IIaPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
TUBA1C tubulin alpha 1cPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.42

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to triple-negative breast carcinoma, by how far it has got
Approved · 1
Sacituzumab GovitecanTumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 binding agent; DNA topoisomerase I inhibitorApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
Adagloxad SimoleninHemocyanin 1 vaccine antigenPhase 3
AdebrelimabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
AlpelisibPI3-kinase p110-alpha subunit inhibitorPhase 3
AtezolizumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
AvelumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 otherPhase 3
BenmelstobartPhase 3
Show all 20
BevacizumabVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitorPhase 3
Bulumtatug FuvedotinPhase 3
CamrelizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 3
CapecitabineThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
CapivasertibSerine/threonine-protein kinase AKT inhibitorPhase 3
CarboplatinPhase 3
Catequentinib HydrochloridePhase 3
CyclophosphamidePhase 3
Datopotamab DeruxtecanTumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 binding agent; DNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 3
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
DoxorubicinDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 3
Doxorubicin HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 3
DurvalumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
EnzalutamideAndrogen Receptor antagonistPhase 3
Early trials · 20
2392AhPhase 1/2
AldesleukinInterleukin-2 receptor agonistPhase 1/2
AtirmociclibPhase 1/2
BalstilimabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 1/2
BendamustinePhase 1/2
BinimetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
Show all 20
Bt-5528Phase 1/2
CabiralizumabMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
CediranibStem cell growth factor receptor inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhib…Phase 1/2
Cediranib MaleatePhase 1/2
CobimetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
Copanlisib HydrochloridePI3-kinase p110-alpha subunit inhibitor; PI3-kinase p110-delta subunit inhibitorPhase 1/2
Cp-506Phase 1/2
Ct-7001Phase 1/2
DaratumumabLymphocyte differentiation antigen CD38 inhibitorPhase 1/2
DexamethasoneGlucocorticoid receptor agonistPhase 1/2
EmpagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorPhase 1/2
EntinostatHistone deacetylase inhibitorPhase 1/2
ErfonrilimabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitor; Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
ErlotinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Use of Magtrace Bracketing for Excision of Lesion and Sentinel Lymph Node Localization in Breast Conserving S…NCT07844473 · NA · 📍 MadinahSystemic Anti-Cancer Therapy Dose Modifications for Individuals With Duffy Null PhenotypeNCT07341867 · Phase 1 · 📍 BostonCtDNA Based MRD Testing for NAC Monitoring in TNBCNCT06230185 · n/a · 📍 TucsonA Study of PF-08046054/SGN-PDL1V in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT05208762 · Phase 1 · 📍 BirminghamA Dose Randomization Study of Bulumtatug Fuvedotin in TNBC Patients Previously Treated With ADCsNCT06908928 · Phase 1 · 📍 DuartePhase II Clinical Trial of PD-L1 in Combination With Vinorelbine + Cyclophosphamide + Capecitabine (VEX) Metr…NCT06771609 · Phase 2 · 📍 BeijingEstrogen Receptor (ER) PET/CT Imaging in Breast CancerNCT05541367 · n/a · 📍 WuhanStudy of CRX100 as Monotherapy and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignan…NCT04282044 · Phase 1 · 📍 ScottsdaleThe Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Trop2-ADC Monotherapy or Combination Immunotherapy Strategy …NCT06851299 · Phase 2 · 📍 GuangzhouTT-702 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumours.NCT05272709 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 LondonPhase II Study of Dato-DXd in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Patients With Newly Diagnosed or Progressing Brai…NCT05866432 · Phase 2 · 📍 ViennaAssessement of Potential Interest of [68Ga]Ga-PentixaFor PET/CT in Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer P…NCT06962163 · NA · 📍 Saint-Herblain Search more trials →
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