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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Endocrine system disorder

testicular germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor arising from the testis. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬2808genes / proteins with evidence
💊11drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅11phase 2
🧬

Understand testicular germ cell tumor

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the tissues of one or both testicles. The testicles, or testes, are part of the male reproductive system. They make male hormones and sperm. They are two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum, a sac of loose skin that lies below the penis. You can get cancer in one or both testicles.

Who is most likely to develop testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer is very rare. You can get it at any age, but it is most common in men between the ages of 20 and 39. It is also more common in those who:

From MedlinePlus: Testicular Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for testicular germ cell tumor itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on testicular germ cell tumor stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens testicular germ cell tumor.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
FGFR3 fibroblast growth factor receptor 3PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.68
STK11 serine/threonine kinase 11PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.64
KIT KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
DMRT1 doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.51
BCL10 BCL10 immune signaling adaptorPROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.51
KRAS KRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.50
KITLG KIT ligandPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.49
NRAS NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
DAZL deleted in azoospermia likePROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.41
HRAS HRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
LRP1B LDL receptor related protein 1BPROTACantibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.39
APC APC regulator of Wnt signaling pathwayPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.39
ATM ATM serine/threonine kinasePROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.39

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to testicular germ cell tumor, by how far it has got
In phase 2 / 3 · 11
AvelumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 otherPhase 2
CarboplatinPhase 2
Enfortumab VedotinNectin-4 binding agent; Tubulin inhibitorPhase 2
EpirubicinPhase 2
EtoposideDNA topoisomerase II inhibitorPhase 2
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Phase 2
Show all 11
IfosfamidePhase 2
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 2
PembrolizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 2
ThiotepaPhase 2
VeliparibPARP 1, 2 and 3 inhibitorPhase 2
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
A Prospective Study to Evaluate miRNA371 and Outcomes in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Germ Cell TumorsNCT07453082 · n/a · 📍 CandioloEvaluation of Bile Acid Concentrations and Their Signaling as Markers of Testicular Tumorigenesis and Germ Ce…NCT07463508 · NA · 📍 Clermont-FerrandActive Surveillance, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin in Treating Pediatric and Adult Patients …NCT03067181 · Phase 3 · 📍 BirminghamAssessment of Compliance With Monitoring Conducted by a Physician in Person or by a Nurse in Remote MonitoringNCT05500391 · Phase 2 · 📍 AmiensPhase 1, Safety and Tolerability Study of XmAb541 in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT06276491 · Phase 1 · 📍 DuarteIMmune checkPoint Inhibitor Related gonAdal toxiCiTy in Premenopausal Women and Men With MelanomaNCT07138222 · n/a · 📍 SydneyRobot-assisted ICG-guided Sentinel Node Biopsy in Testicular CancerNCT06133543 · NA · 📍 DüsseldorfIntegrated Cancer Repository for Cancer ResearchNCT02012699 · n/a · 📍 Greenwood VillageNavigation Intervention for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer SurvivorsNCT07406087 · NA · 📍 PasadenaA Study of GV20-0251 in Advanced or Refractory Solid TumorsNCT07106827 · Phase 1 · 📍 ChengduTHERApy De-escalation for TESTicular CancerNCT06309745 · n/a · 📍 LondonEffect of Hypnosis in the Management of Anxiety and Chemo-induced Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults Wi…NCT07614620 · NA · 📍 Bordeaux Search more trials →
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