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๐Ÿ“ฐ Latest breakthroughs
๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ Disease Atlas ยท Psychiatric disorder

Alzheimer disease

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.

๐Ÿ”” Follow weekly
๐Ÿงฌ13006genes / proteins with evidence
๐Ÿ’Š441drugs and clinical candidates
๐Ÿงช12+recruiting trials worldwide
โœ…24approved
๐Ÿ“ˆ89phase 3
๐Ÿง 

Understand Alzheimer disease

Brain and nerves ยท Nerve cells that slowly stop working
๐ŸŽ“ Learn more

What it is

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects thinking and memory skills. If you have AD, it can impair your ability to reason or learn new skills until it becomes difficult to complete daily activities.

AD begins slowly over many years. It first involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It may be mistaken for normal memory changes with aging. However, AD is not a normal part of aging. The brain changes from the disease lead to symptoms that get worse over time.

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

From MedlinePlus: Alzheimer's Disease (US National Library of Medicine) โ†—

๐Ÿง  Brain and nerves: In neurodegenerative diseases, nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord stop working and die over time - affecting memory (Alzheimer's disease), movement (Parkinson's disease) or muscles (ALS).

โ“ Why it happens

  • Proteins fold the wrong way and clump together inside or between nerve cells - amyloid and tau in Alzheimer's disease, alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease.
  • Inflammation, some genes (such as APOE4) and, above all, age raise the risk.

๐Ÿซ€ What it does to the body

  • As connections between nerve cells are lost, memory, thinking, movement or speech fade.
  • The changes start years - often decades - before the first symptoms.

๐Ÿงฑ Why it is hard to cure

  • Most medicines cannot easily pass the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain.
  • By the time symptoms appear, many nerve cells are already lost, and they do not grow back.
  • Many drug trials have failed, partly because the diseases are found late.

๐Ÿš€ What research is trying now

  • Antibodies that clear amyloid and modestly slow early Alzheimer's disease (approved in some countries).
  • Blood tests that detect Alzheimer's changes years earlier.
  • Gene-targeted medicines, such as one approved in the US for an inherited form of ALS.

General information about brain and nerves, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for Alzheimer disease itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on Alzheimer disease stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands โ€” every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens Alzheimer disease.

๐ŸŽฏ

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
APP amyloid beta precursor proteinPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.87
PSEN1 presenilin 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.87
PSEN2 presenilin 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.82
APOE apolipoprotein EPROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.79
ABCA7 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 7PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.74
SORL1 sortilin related receptor 1PROTACantibody๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.72
GRIN1 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.71
ADAM10 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.69
CDK5 cyclin dependent kinase 5PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.68
GRIN3B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3BPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.68
ACE angiotensin I converting enzymePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.65
APH1B aph-1B gamma-secretase subunitPROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.65
ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)PROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.64
GRN granulin precursorPROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.64
GRIN2B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2BPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.64

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

๐Ÿ’Š

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to Alzheimer disease, by how far it has got
Approved ยท 20
AducanumabAmyloid-beta A4 protein binding agentApproved
Atomoxetine HydrochlorideNorepinephrine transporter inhibitorApproved
DonanemabAmyloid-beta A4 protein disrupting agentApproved
DonepezilAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorApproved
Donepezil HydrochlorideAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorApproved
Florbetaben F18Approved
Show all 20
Florbetapir F 18Approved
Flortaucipir F 18Approved
Flutemetamol F 18Approved
GalantamineAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorApproved
Galantamine HydrobromideAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorApproved
Guanfacine HydrochlorideAdrenergic receptor alpha-2 agonistApproved
Gv-971Approved
Human Immunoglobulin GApproved
Huperzine AAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorApproved
Ioflupane I 123Approved
LecanemabAmyloid-beta A4 protein inhibitorApproved
Lisdexamfetamine DimesylateDopamine transporter releasing agent; Norepinephrine transporter releasing agentApproved
MemantineGlutamate [NMDA] receptor negative allosteric modulatorApproved
Memantine HydrochlorideGlutamate [NMDA] receptor negative allosteric modulatorApproved
In phase 2 / 3 ยท 20
AcetylcysteinePhase 3
Alpha-TocopherolPhase 3
AripiprazoleDopamine D2 receptor partial agonist; Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor partial agonistPhase 3
AtorvastatinHMG-CoA reductase inhibitorPhase 3
AzeliragonAdvanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor antagonistPhase 3
BapineuzumabAmyloid-beta A4 protein binding agentPhase 3
Show all 20
BaricitinibTyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 inhibitorPhase 3
BezisterimPhase 3
BrexpiprazoleDopamine D2 receptor partial agonist; Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor partial agonistPhase 3
BuntanetapPhase 3
BupropionDopamine transporter inhibitor; Norepinephrine transporter inhibitorPhase 3
CaffeineAdenosine receptor antagonistPhase 3
CholecalciferolVitamin D receptor agonistPhase 3
CitalopramSerotonin transporter inhibitorPhase 3
CrenezumabAmyloid-beta A4 protein inhibitorPhase 3
CromolynPhase 3
CyanocobalaminPhase 3
Deudextromethorphan HydrobromidePhase 3
DextromethorphanSigma opioid receptor agonist; Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon 1 antagonistPhase 3
DoconexentPhase 3
Early trials ยท 20
2-(Aminomethyl)Phenol AcetatePhase 1/2
ApabetaloneBromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) inhibitorPhase 1/2
Aus-131Estrogen receptor beta agonistPhase 1/2
BrivaracetamSynaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A modulatorPhase 1/2
BromocriptineD2-like dopamine receptor agonistPhase 1/2
CurcuminPhase 1/2
Show all 20
DapagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorPhase 1/2
Dasatinib AnhydrousTyrosine-protein kinase ABL inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta inhibโ€ฆPhase 1/2
DexmedetomidineAdrenergic receptor alpha-2 agonistPhase 1/2
DrinabantCannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
FelcisetragSerotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonistPhase 1/2
Ginseng, AsianPhase 1/2
Insulin AspartInsulin receptor agonistPhase 1/2
IsotretinoinRetinoic acid receptor agonistPhase 1/2
LatozinemabPhase 1/2
Lipoic Acid, AlphaPhase 1/2
MebufoteninPhase 1/2
MidodrineAdrenergic receptor alpha-1 agonistPhase 1/2
Mk-2461Hepatocyte growth factor receptor inhibitorPhase 1/2
NiacinPhase 1/2
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