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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Gastrointestinal disease

oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythemat…

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬6582genes / proteins with evidence
💊68drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅19phase 3
📈1phase 2/3
🧬

Understand oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Head and neck cancer is the name for cancers that develop in the mouth, nose and sinuses, salivary glands, and throat and voice box (larynx). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell cancers. They begin in the moist tissues that line the head and neck. The cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows.

There are other cancers that develop in the head and neck, such as brain cancer, eye cancer, and esophageal cancer. But they are usually not considered to be head and neck cancers, because those types of cancer and their treatments are different.

Who is more likely to develop head and neck cancer?

From MedlinePlus: Head and Neck Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.51
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.50
FAT1 FAT atypical cadherin 1PROTACantibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.47
HRAS HRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
CASP8 caspase 8PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.41
PDCD1 programmed cell death 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.41
TUBB4B tubulin beta 4B class IVbPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBB3 tubulin beta 3 class IIIPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBA1B tubulin alpha 1bPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
NOTCH1 notch receptor 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBB tubulin beta class IPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBA1A tubulin alpha 1aPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBB2B tubulin beta 2B class IIbPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40
TUBA4A tubulin alpha 4aPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.40

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, by how far it has got
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
AldesleukinInterleukin-2 receptor agonistPhase 3
AvelumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 otherPhase 3
CamrelizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 3
CapecitabineThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
CisplatinPhase 3
CyclophosphamidePhase 3
Show all 20
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
DusquetidePhase 3
FluorouracilThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
IndomethacinCyclooxygenase inhibitorPhase 3
MelatoninMelatonin receptor agonistPhase 3
MethotrexateDihydrofolate reductase inhibitorPhase 3
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
PanitumumabEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 3
PlatinumPhase 3
SintilimabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 3
TislelizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 3
VinflunineTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
Zinc IonPhase 3
ToripalimabProgrammed cell death protein 1 antagonistPhase 2/3
Early trials · 19
AfatinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitor; Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2…Phase 1/2
CalcitriolVitamin D receptor agonistPhase 1/2
DurvalumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
GefitinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
MetforminMitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor; Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphat…Phase 1/2
MonalizumabNKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein inhibitorPhase 1/2
Show all 19
NisinPhase 1/2
TremelimumabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitorPhase 1/2
CannabidiolCannabinoid CB1 receptor negative allosteric modulatorPhase 1
CytochlorPhase 1
Dasatinib AnhydrousTyrosine-protein kinase ABL inhibitor; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta inhib…Phase 1
DronabinolCannabinoid CB1 receptor agonistPhase 1
FludarabinePhase 1
MocetinostatHistone deacetylase 1 inhibitor; Histone deacetylase 2 inhibitorPhase 1
NabiximolsPhase 1
TetrahydrouridinePhase 1
ImiquimodToll-like receptor 7 agonistEarly phase 1
SitravatinibEarly phase 1
TrastuzumabReceptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 inhibitorEarly phase 1
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Head and Neck Carcinoma Clinical Research Platform for Molecular and Blood-based Biomarkers, Treatment and Ou…NCT06380686 · n/a · 📍 EssenImproved Oral Health in Head and Neck Cancer SurvivorsNCT07173270 · NA · 📍 UppsalaImmune Biomarker Study for Cisplatin-ineligible Patients Receiving Chemoradiotherapy With DocetaxelNCT06947668 · n/a · 📍 ErlangenMulti-Site Trial of Navigation vs Treatment as Usual to Improve Initiation of Timely Adjuvant TherapyNCT05793151 · NA · 📍 St LouisProactive Risk-based Optimization & Notifications for Treatment & Outcomes in Head & Neck CancerNCT07180901 · NA · 📍 MontrealTesting the Addition of Ipatasertib to Usual Chemotherapy and Radiation for Head and Neck CancerNCT05172245 · Phase 1 · 📍 TampaReflectance Confocal Microscopy of Oral Cancers in Vivo: a Preliminary Trial Comparing Intra-oral Imaging Wit…NCT02507141 · n/a · 📍 Basking RidgeValidity of Viome's Oral/throat Cancer TestNCT06174428 · n/a · 📍 St LouisPrediction of Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia Using a MAGE-A-based ImmunoscoreNCT03975322 · n/a · 📍 ErlangenNeoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1(PD-1) Inhibition for Head and Neck Cancer Treatm…NCT07209189 · Phase 2 · 📍 BaltimoreEvaluating Treatment Strategies for p53 Mutant Oral Cancer and Oral Cancer PrecursorsNCT07090070 · NA · 📍 VancouverTMV Vaccine Therapy Alone and With Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Ne…NCT06868433 · Phase 1 · 📍 Atlanta Search more trials →
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