AI Cure is a research tool showing open data. Not medical advice. Discuss with your doctor. Terms

📰 Latest breakthroughs
🗺️ Disease Atlas · Endocrine system disorder

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas.

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬6069genes / proteins with evidence
💊304drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅7approved
📈1filed for approval
🩸

Understand type 1 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes and metabolism · Sugar that cannot get into cells
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Diabetes means your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. With type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone from your pancreas that helps glucose move from your body into your cells, where it is used for energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood.

Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, and teeth.

If your blood glucose gets very high, you can develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). It happens when your body doesn't have enough insulin to allow glucose into your cells. Instead, your liver breaks down fat for energy, which produces ketones. When ketones build up too quickly, they can reach dangerous levels. DKA is a life-threatening emergency.

From MedlinePlus: Diabetes Type 1 (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🩸 Diabetes and metabolism: In diabetes the body cannot make enough insulin, or cannot use it well, so sugar (glucose) stays too high in the blood instead of feeding the body's cells.

❓ Why it happens

  • Insulin is like a key that opens cells to let sugar in. It is made in the pancreas.
  • Type 1: the immune system destroys the insulin-making cells, so there are almost no keys.
  • Type 2: the cells stop answering insulin well (insulin resistance) and the pancreas cannot keep up. Weight, inactivity, diet, family history and age raise the risk.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Years of high blood sugar damage small and large blood vessels and nerves.
  • That can lead to heart attack and stroke, kidney failure, loss of eyesight, nerve pain and foot ulcers.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Type 1 cannot yet be prevented or reversed; people need insulin every day.
  • Type 2 can be silent for years before it is found.
  • Managing blood sugar is lifelong, and medicines, insulin and monitoring are not easy for everyone to get.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • GLP-1 medicines that lower blood sugar and weight, now also shown to protect the heart and kidneys.
  • A medicine that can delay type 1 diabetes in people at high risk (teplizumab, approved in the US).
  • Replacing insulin-making cells grown from stem cells, in clinical trials.
  • Automated insulin delivery ("artificial pancreas") systems that link a sensor to a pump.

General information about diabetes and metabolism, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for type 1 diabetes mellitus itself.

🤖

AI briefing

Where the science on type 1 diabetes mellitus stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens type 1 diabetes mellitus.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
INS insulinantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.73
HNF1A HNF1 homeobox APROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.69
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alphaPROTACantibodyother🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
INSR insulin receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3PROTACantibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.63
SLC5A2 solute carrier family 5 member 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.61
CTLA4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4antibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.60
TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.58
CD3E CD3 epsilon subunit of T-cell receptor complexPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.56
CTRB1 chymotrypsinogen B1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.56
CTSH cathepsin HPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.56
IL10 interleukin 10antibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.56
TCF7L2 transcription factor 7 like 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55
GCGR glucagon receptorPROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.55

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

💊

Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus, by how far it has got
Approved · 7
Dasiglucagon HydrochlorideGlucagon receptor agonistApproved
DonislecelApproved
EmpagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorApproved
Insulin DetemirInsulin receptor agonistApproved
Insulin GlargineInsulin receptor agonistApproved
SotagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitor; Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorApproved
Show all 7
TeplizumabT-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain otherApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
CarbamazepineSodium channel alpha subunit blockerFiled for approval
AcipimoxPhase 3
AlemtuzumabCAMPATH-1 antigen inhibitorPhase 3
AlirocumabSubtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitorPhase 3
Antilymphocyte Immunoglobulin (Horse)Phase 3
AtorvastatinHMG-CoA reductase inhibitorPhase 3
Show all 20
BalaglitazonePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma partial agonistPhase 3
BaricitinibTyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 inhibitorPhase 3
BasiliximabInterleukin-2 receptor inhibitorPhase 3
BegelomabDipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitorPhase 3
CadisegliatinPhase 3
CholecalciferolVitamin D receptor agonistPhase 3
CyclosporineCyclophilin A modulatorPhase 3
DaclizumabInterleukin-2 receptor inhibitorPhase 3
DapagliflozinSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorPhase 3
DasiglucagonGlucagon receptor agonistPhase 3
DextrosePhase 3
Diapep-277Phase 3
Dimethyl FumarateKelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 inhibitorPhase 3
DomperidoneDopamine D2 receptor antagonistPhase 3
Early trials · 20
AdalimumabTNF-alpha inhibitorPhase 1/2
AlprazolamGABA-A receptor; anion channel positive allosteric modulatorPhase 1/2
Autologous Cord BloodPhase 1/2
Butyric AcidPhase 1/2
CabiralizumabMacrophage colony stimulating factor receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
CyclophosphamidePhase 1/2
Show all 20
Dantrolene SodiumRyanodine receptor 1 antagonist; Ryanodine receptor 3 antagonistPhase 1/2
DenosumabTumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 inhibitorPhase 1/2
EmricasanCaspase inhibitorPhase 1/2
EverolimusFK506-binding protein 1A inhibitorPhase 1/2
ForalumabT cell surface glycoprotein CD3 inhibitorPhase 1/2
IohexolPhase 1/2
Oremepermin AlfaPhase 1/2
PlerixaforC-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 partial agonistPhase 1/2
Recombinant Human Kallikrein-1Phase 1/2
Rinvecalinase AlfaPhase 1/2
TaurinePhase 1/2
AdakitugInterleukin-8 inhibitorPhase 1
AdomeglivantGlucagon receptor antagonistPhase 1
AfasevikumabInterleukin 17A inhibitorPhase 1
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Rezpegaldesleukin (NKTR-358) in New Onset Type 1 Diabetes MellitusNCT07142252 · Phase 2 · 📍 San FranciscoA Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety of DWRX5003 and Relative Bioavailability to DWC202502 and DWC20…NCT07539415 · Phase 1 · 📍 SeoulA Study of LY4057996 in Healthy Participants and Participants With Type 1 and Type 2 DiabetesNCT06945406 · Phase 1 · 📍 NeussEnvironmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes RiskNCT07835724 · n/a · 📍 ChangshaA Study to Evaluate Effect of AZD6234 in Adult Participants With Obesity or Overweight With Weight-related Co…NCT07784725 · Phase 3 · 📍 DothanPancreatic Islet Transplantation Into the Anterior Chamber of the EyeNCT02846571 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 MiamiA Study to Evaluate Effect of AZD6234 as an Adjunct to Incretin-based Therapies in Adult Participants With Ob…NCT07776509 · Phase 3 · 📍 EscondidoMultifactorial Intervention to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 DiabetesNCT06082063 · Phase 3 · 📍 CopenhagenEffect of Circadian Rhythm and Physical Exercise in Overweight Type 1 Diabetes PatientsNCT05277532 · NA · 📍 StockholmINNODIA Family & Friends Early-Stage T1D Detection ProtocolNCT07118098 · n/a · 📍 ViennaINfluenza VaccInation To Mitigate typE 1 DiabetesNCT05585983 · Phase 4 · 📍 AalborgCrosstalk Between Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells and the Gut Microbiota and Mucosa in the Develo…NCT05054361 · n/a · 📍 Antony Search more trials →
🛡️

AI Cure shows public evidence (Open Targets, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, openFDA, DepMap, AlphaFold) with its source, and AI summaries that cite it — not medical advice and not a cure. Treatment decisions belong with your doctor. Research ideas are shared only with approved researchers and labs, who can test them. In an emergency call your local emergency number (112 in India and Europe, 911 in the US). AI Cure Terms of Use · Privacy