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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Gastrointestinal disease

pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

An infiltrating adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial cells of the pancreas. It affects males more often than females and the patients are usually over 50 years of age. Microscopically it is characterized by the presence of glandular (ductal) differentiation and desmoplastic stroma formation. Signs and symptoms include pain, loss of weight, and jaundice. It grows rapidly and is usually detected after it has…

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🧬7656genes / proteins with evidence
💊240drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅27phase 3
📈10phase 2/3
🧬

Understand pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

Smoking

Long-term diabetes

Chronic pancreatitis

From MedlinePlus: Pancreatic Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
KRAS KRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.53
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.50
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.50
POLE DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunitPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.49
POLD1 DNA polymerase delta 1, catalytic subunitPROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.49
TOP1 DNA topoisomerase IPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.46
SMAD4 SMAD family member 4PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
ACVR1 activin A receptor type 1PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
CDH11 cadherin 11PROTACantibody🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
TUBA1C tubulin alpha 1cPROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
ERBB4 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
CD274 CD274 moleculePROTACantibodyothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
RRM1 ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
RRM2 ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
PRIM2 DNA primase subunit 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.42

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, by how far it has got
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
AtezolizumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
BevacizumabVascular endothelial growth factor A inhibitorPhase 3
CapecitabineThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
Catequentinib HydrochloridePhase 3
CisplatinPhase 3
ErfonrilimabCytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 inhibitor; Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 3
Show all 20
FluorouracilThymidylate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Phase 3
IbcasertibSerine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-B inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth factor re…Phase 3
IrinotecanDNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 3
Irinotecan HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 3
Irinotecan SucrosofateDNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 3
LeucovorinPhase 3
Leucovorin CalciumPhase 3
MomelotinibTyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 inhibitor; Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 inhibitorPhase 3
NapabucasinPhase 3
NisevokitugPhase 3
OxaliplatinPhase 3
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
PanitumumabEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 3
Early trials · 20
AdagrasibGTPase KRas inhibitorPhase 1/2
AdebrelimabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
Arry-382Macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor inhibitorPhase 1/2
Ascorbic AcidPhase 1/2
AvutometinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
AzacitidineDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A inhibitor; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 inh…Phase 1/2
Show all 20
Bbp-398Phase 1/2
BinimetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
Bms-813160C-C chemokine receptor type 2 antagonist; C-C chemokine receptor type 5 antagonistPhase 1/2
CarboplatinPhase 1/2
CetuximabEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
CobimetinibDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor; Dual specificity mi…Phase 1/2
D3S-001Phase 1/2
DigoxinSodium/potassium-transporting ATPase inhibitorPhase 1/2
DoxorubicinDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 1/2
EnsituximabMucin-5AC otherPhase 1/2
ErlotinibEpidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
FilgrastimGranulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor agonistPhase 1/2
GadoliniumPhase 1/2
IfebemtinibFocal adhesion kinase 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
🧪

Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
The Miami "EMPIRE" Trial - Eradication of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer With Immuno-RadiationNCT06843551 · Phase 2 · 📍 MiamiPancreatic Cancer Screening Through the Detection of Elastase-1 Combined With Other ExaminationsNCT06041009 · n/a · 📍 JinanAdditional Treatment for Isolated Local Pancreatic Cancer Recurrence Using Stereotactic Body Radiation TherapyNCT04881487 · NA · 📍 AmsterdamClinical Performance of Medical Device Software "Lipidica 1.0" for Processing Data Generated by Lipidomic Ana…NCT06549725 · NA · 📍 PragueUsing 18F-FAPI PET to Detect Metastatic Disease in Patients That Have Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)NCT07217717 · Phase 3 · 📍 CerritosA Study of CEND-1 With Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal AdenocarcinomaNCT06261359 · Phase 2 · 📍 BeijingMaster Protocol of TCR-modified T Cell Therapy Targeting HLA-restricted KRAS Antigen Administered in Adult Pa…NCT07145450 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 CopenhagenExploratory Clinical Evaluation of Personalized Functional Profiling in GI Tumors: Predicting Drug Response i…NCT07500259 · n/a · 📍 LuxembourgPancreatic Cancer Early Detection ConsortiumNCT04970056 · n/a · 📍 PhoenixNano-Megestrol Acetate for Cancer Cachexia in Advanced Pancreatic CancerNCT07408505 · NA · 📍 JinanPreventing Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing High-risk Pancreatoduodenectomy With a Bundle A…NCT07262957 · Phase 4 · 📍 AmsterdamTT-702 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumours.NCT05272709 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 London Search more trials →
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